Abstract: Pantograph arc has become a potential hazard for the safe running of electric locomotives. It is essential to build an accurate mathematical model of pantograph arc for arc simulation.

Where \(X\) is a normally distributed random variable with mean \(\mu\) and standard deviation \(\sigma\). The peak of the curve occurs at \(x=\mu\), and the spread ...

Abstract: The Rician K-factor of the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless propagation channel is estimated using a moment-based method on the envelope of measured pulse data. The measurements were ...

Life is uncertain. None of us know what is going to happen. We know little of what has happened in the past or is happening now outside our immediate experience. Uncertainty has been called the ...

Future events are far from certain in the business world. This is especially true for smaller businesses, which tend to have more volatility than larger organizations, or newer businesses without a ...

Forecasting for any small business involves guesswork. You know your business and its past performance, but you may not be comfortable predicting the future. Using Excel is a great way to perform what ...

Probability Distribution Notes: Probability is a fundamental aspect of mathematics that helps us understand and quantify uncertainty. Mastery of this subject is essential for students, as it has ...

1 College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China A solid ...